## The Evolution of Robot Dance: A Humanoid Milestone This report from **New Atlas**, authored by **Tesla** (though the article itself is by New Atlas, referencing Tesla's Optimus), explores the fascinating progression of humanoid robots and their increasing ability to perform complex human movements, particularly dancing. The article, published on **August 30, 2025**, highlights how this development signifies a significant step in robotics, moving beyond mere functionality to a more human-like expression. ### Key Findings and Conclusions: * **Humanoid robots are increasingly capable of sophisticated human-like movements, with dancing serving as a key benchmark for progress.** The article argues that teaching robots to dance is a logical next step in human-robot interaction, as our world is designed for humans, making humanoid forms inherently adaptable. * **Dancing is presented as a uniquely human trait that, when replicated by robots, evokes joy and a sense of connection.** It's seen as a way to test the limits of motion, AI, and human-robot interaction. * **The development of dancing robots is a testament to advancements in various technological fields.** These include onboard CPUs and GPUs, reinforcement learning (RL), physics engines, proprioception, computer vision, SLAM navigation, IMUs, tactile sensors, microcontrollers, servos, and improved battery life. * **The journey from early animatronics to modern, fluid humanoid dancers is significant.** While early animatronics like Disney's "It's a Small World" (debuted 1964) and Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Players (since 1977) were mechanical, today's robots possess advanced capabilities. ### Key Statistics and Metrics: The article provides several examples of robots and their specifications, illustrating the evolution: * **Sony QRIO (Quest for cuRIOsity):** * **Height:** 2 ft (60 cm) * **Weight:** 16 lb (7.3 kg) * **Degrees of Freedom (DoF):** 38 * **Notable:** Featured in Beck's "Hell Yes" video in 2005, capable of walking, running, jumping, and dancing. Scrapped in 2006. * **Aldebaran Robotics NAO Robot:** * **Height:** 22.8 in (58 cm) * **Weight:** 11.9 lb (5.4 kg) * **Degrees of Freedom (DoF):** 25 * **Notable:** Built for education, therapy, and STEM. Sold to schools and labs for **$7,000 to $15,000 per robot**. Became famous for its "Evolution of Dance" remake. * **Toyota T-HR3:** * **Notable:** Showcased in 2017 with fluid movements, including Tai Chi. However, it was **teleoperated**, mimicking a human in a control suit and VR goggles, not fully autonomous. * **Boston Dynamics Atlas (First Generation):** * **Height:** 4 ft 11 in (1.5 m) * **Weight:** 176 lb (80 kg) * **Notable:** Primarily hydraulically powered. Performed a full dance routine to "Do You Love Me?" in late 2020, with skeptics initially believing it was CGI. It was also the first humanoid to land a standing backflip in 2017. * **Unitree G1:** * **Height:** 4 ft 4 in (1.3 m) * **Weight:** 77 lb (35 kg) * **Degrees of Freedom (DoF):** Up to 43 * **Notable:** Features 3D LiDAR and functioning hands. Known for athleticism, including being the first humanoid to do a front flip and backflip without hydraulics, and performing a kip-up. * **Tesla Optimus:** * **Notable:** Showcased with RL-trained dance moves, achieving "zero-shot" transfer from virtual simulation to real-life performance. It performed a basic ballet step, considered a turning point in humanoid robot capabilities. ### Significant Trends or Changes: * **Shift from novelty to advanced platforms:** Modern humanoid robots are no longer just entertainment novelties but highly advanced platforms with significant R&D investment, costing **well over $100,000 to make a single unit**. * **Advancement in AI and learning:** The success of Tesla's Optimus in learning choreography in simulation and executing it perfectly in real life ("zero-shot" transfer) highlights the growing sophistication of AI in robotics. * **Increased fluidity and precision:** Robots are demonstrating fluidity, balance, and precision that can sometimes surpass human capabilities. ### Notable Risks or Concerns: * **Public apprehension:** The article notes that some individuals, like the author's wife, express discomfort with robots being made to look and act like humans, echoing sentiments found in online comments. This raises concerns about the societal implications and acceptance of advanced humanoid robots. ### Material Financial Data: * The **NAO Robot** was priced between **$7,000 and $15,000 per unit**. * Modern humanoid robots can cost **well over $100,000 to produce a single unit**, indicating the significant investment required for their development. In essence, the article posits that while humans have achieved remarkable feats, the ability of robots to dance represents a profound step towards bridging the gap between machine and human, not just in capability but in cultural expression.
The evolution of robot dance
Read original at New Atlas →We humans have mastered fire, split the atom, and shot ourselves into space. We've built machines that can outthink us and tools that can cook us lunch or cut open our chests to perform life-saving surgeries. That's all well and good. The space part is certainly cool, sure ... but it doesn't look like us.
It doesn't feel human. So what’s the logical next step? Teaching humanoid robots to dance like us, obviously.Dance isn't just our thing either. Birds of Paradise, for example, have mating rituals so intricate and elaborate that people form clubs just to catch a glimpse of the show. The males ruffle their tail feathers and two-step into the hearts of females in an effort to get some action.
Very much like humans.Rare Footage of New Bird of Paradise Species Shows Odd Courtship Dance | Nat Geo WildAnd the Manakin is arguably better at moonwalking than the guy who made it famous, Michael Jackson, while Australia's Peacock Spiders moves are as flashy as their outfits.Even insects are in on dance, though theirs is more math equation than party trick.
The honey bee's "waggle dance" shows which direction to find food relative to the sun – like a fuzzy little booty-shaking Pythagoras. Bee Dance (Waggle Dance)But why robots?"The strongest argument for robots in a human form is that our world is already designed for humans, making it easy for humanoid robots to fit in, adapt to existing environments, and be seamlessly repurposed," says Humanoid, maker of the HMND 1.
Hard to disagree. The humanoid form also makes it easier for us to anthropomorphize our new mechanical friends – for better or for worse. I've personally been moved by a few videos, like one from 1X of its Neo Gamma robot where it just looks absolutely pitiful as it does chores, largely ignored by the humans it serves.
But seeing a humanoid robot dance? That's much more joyful and way more fun ... even if a little freaky. Few things embody the human spirit better than dancing.Dancing animatronics have been around for a long time to entertain us and make us smile. Disney's It's a Small World first debuted at the 1964 New York World's Fair before becoming a permanent Disneyland ride in 1966 – a loop of tiny human-like figures dancing daily via hydraulics and pulleys.
And Chuck E. Cheese's animatronic Pizza Time Players have been making kids cry since 1977.Sixty years later and things are wildly different. Onboard CPUs and GPUs, reinforcement learning (RL), physics engines, proprioception, computer vision with real-time object recognition, SLAM navigation, IMUs with gyros and accelerometers, tactile sensors, microcontrollers, servos, and batteries good for hours of runtime – the list goes on.
One of the earlier mainstream dancing bots segments I remember was in 2005, when Beck's "Hell Yes" video featured a gaggle of Sony QRIO bots cutting loose on the dance floor. For its time, it was nuts. The QRIO (Quest for cuRIOsity) was built for entertainment, stood 2 ft (60 cm) tall, weighed 16 lb (7.
3 kg), and had 38 degrees of freedom (DoF). It could walk, run, jump, and most importantly, dance. They were never sold publicly, and then suddenly scrapped just a year later in 2006.Beck - Hell Yes (Official Music Video)In 2008, Aldebaran Robotics came out swinging with the NAO Robot. It was built for the education sector and found niches in therapy, autism interventions, and STEM.
It stood 22.8 in (58 cm) tall, weighed 11.9 lb (5.4 kg), and had 25 DoF. It was sold mostly to schools and labs and it cost between $7,000 and $15,000 per robot.Though it wasn't entirely open source, it was programmable within certain constraints. Nearly the moment it got into users' hands, the NAO was hacked into a dancing machine using Choregraphe, a drag-and-drop motion sequencer.
Probably the most famous video of them all was the NAO remake of Judson Laipply's "Evolution of Dance."Evolution Of Dance by NAO RobotBy 2017, Toyota showed off its T-HR3 robot – incredibly fluid, even pulling off delicate Tai Chi moves ... but it was teleoperated, mimicking a human in a control suit and VR goggles.
It wasn't fully autonomous, but I included it on this list because it may have been one of the first to reach those levels of human-like fluidity, hinting at what the future may hold.Demonstration of T-HR3 robot by Toyota at iRex17 (part 2 of 2) [RAW VIDEO]Then Boston Dynamics dropped the hammer in late 2020.
Humanity was stuck at home, locked down during the COVID pandemic, when suddenly Spot, Atlas, and Handle were doing the mashed potato, the twist, and a full dance routine to The Contours' 1962 hit "Do You Love Me?" About 42 million people watched, jaws collectively on the floor.The first-generation Atlas – a 4-ft 11-in (1.
5-m), 176-lb (80\-kg), mostly hydraulically powered humanoid robot – moved so well that years later, skeptics still insist it's CGI. It's not. In fact, filming that routine exposed flaws that required Boston Dynamics to make upgrades to Atlas just to pull off the routine. And remember, Atlas was also the first humanoid to land a standing backflip back in 2017.
Do You Love Me?Since then, things have only escalated.Chinese company Unitree burst onto the scene with the G1 – a 4-ft 4-in (1.3-m), 77-lb (35-kg) bot with up to 43 DoF, 3D LiDAR, functioning hands ... and insane athleticism (roboticism?). It was the first humanoid 'bot to do a front flip, the first to backflip without hydraulics, and it can kip-up from its back like a seasoned martial artist.
And yes, it dances – better than I do, honestly.What Dance Would You Like to Perform with Unitree G1?But the inspiration for this whole piece was Tesla's Optimus.Milan Kovac, former Tesla VP of Optimus Engineering, posted a clip of Optimus' RL-trained dance moves – "zero-shot" from virtual to real life.
Basically, it learned the choreography in simulation, then nailed it in real life on the first try. That's like imagining yourself dancing Swan Lake while laying on the couch, then standing up and actually doing it.Here's a little more, and no cables this time ;)It's all real-time speed, zero CGI, fully learned in Simulation & zero-shot transferred to real.
Besides the fact that it's fun, we had to make significant improvements to our robot model in Sim, domain randomization and other… https://t.co/Fhnm84vDQE— Milan Kovac (@_milankovac_) May 14, 2025Albeit short, seeing Optimus pull off a basic ballet step floored me. It was the first time I've seen a humanoid robot attempt actual ballet, and it felt like a turning point; a true shift in robotic capabilities.
Huawei did a half-ballet collab back in 2021, but this was on another level.I asked the wifey – who's very much anti-AI and anti-robot – what she thought. Her only words: "Why are we making robots like humans? I don't like it." A sentiment echoed in thousands of comments in these YouTube videos.And yet ...
here we are.From QRIO to Optimus, humanoid robots are literally dancing their way into the cultural spotlight. And these aren't just novelty robots anymore – modern humanoids are highly advanced platforms with hundreds of millions of dollars invested in R&D. Machines that can cost well over $100,000 to make just a single unit.
They have fluidity, balance, and precision that sometimes makes us look clumsy. The fact that we're making these machines waltz, running man, and even plié isn't just about entertainment anymore – it's about testing the limits of motion, of AI, and of human-robot interaction.So maybe teaching robots to dance isn't really the "next step" in technological evolution ...
but it might be the most human one yet.
